The present draft report deals with the analysis and the preliminary elaboration of the data and information collected during the audit on Mar-Azul hotel.
The idea was to determine on the basis of the audit data a rough estimation of monthly and yearly hotel consumption, to compare it with the ELECGALAPAGOS S.A. consumption data and in case of acceptable agreement to estimate the percentage weight of each systems or appliance in the total consumption. The selection of the buildings as pilot case studies for monitoring and RES & RUE interventions will be done afterwards, when the consumption analysis of a certain number of interesting buildings will be finalised.

Architectural general description

The location of Mar Azul hotel is Puerto Baquerizo, a village of San Cristobal island located in the Galapagos Archipelago, Equador. The geographical coordinates of the site are: Latitude 0.4 ° South ; Longitude : 90° West
The hotel has 15 guest rooms provided with 35 beds all with bathroom. It is placed in a rectangular site of about 950 m2 , the guest rooms are located in three single storied buildings, the main of which faces Avenido Alsacio Northia (see first page picture) The other two smaller buildings containing guest rooms are placed in the inner side of the area.
The hotel entrance is placed in the main building which is exposed to South East on Avenido Alsacio Northia a street with a medium level of traffic. In the surroundings of the hotel there are few buildings of variable height.
The main entrance leads to a square lobby having on its right side the reception, the administration office and 4 guest rooms and on its left side an internal shop. All of the four guest rooms of the main building have windows facing Avenido Alsacio Northia and exposed to South East .
Passing the lobby a low stair with only three steps leads downstairs to a square atrium having in the centre a big tree with a green area(see Figg. 1 and 2). To the end of the atrium in front on the main entrance there is a restaurant not in operation. On the left corner of the atrium, a short open corridor where three guest rooms are located leads to another open longer inner corridor along which there are eight guest rooms, four on each side (see Fig. 3).
Four of these rooms have opening and windows facing the left side of the atrium. The open atrium and open corridors secure the natural ventilation of the surrounding rooms, moreover the big tree located in the centre of the atrium operates as a natural shading for the windows of the rooms.
General information about the hotel are reported in table 1

Parameter Value Description

Site area, m² 950 Total lot area

Green Areas, m² 58 Atrium areas

Height typ.floor, m 2.5 Height of typical floor

Number of floors 1 Number of floors,

Number of rooms 15 Number of rooms

Number of beds 35 Number of beds

Rooms area, m² 240 Rooms area

No of restaurants 1 Not in operation

Restaurant area, m² 150 Restaurant area

Atrium and corridors, m²100 Area of corrid.and atrium

Lobby area, m² 18 Lobby area inside the build.

Heated floor area, m² 0 Heated floor area

Conditioned area, m² 270 Conditioned area

Table1

Construction

The buildings have a reinforced concrete structure. The external walls consist of perforated concrete blocks 13 cm thick with an external finishing of light coloured plaster. The roofs of the buildings are made of light panels mounted on a wood structure. The roof of the main building is new and consists of green coloured corrugated plastic material called "Ternil"(Fig.4)its U-value is about 4 W/m2°C.
The floor of the rooms, atrium and corridors is made of ceramic tiles placed on concrete slabs 10 cm thick.
In Galapagos islands roofs and external walls does not have thermal insulation materials and generally they have light structures with low value of thermal capacity, consequently the U-value of external walls is in the range of 3-3.5 W/m2 °C. In South Italy for example the most used external walls are 30 cm thick consisting of 2 layers of hollow bricks , air gap and a 2 cm layer of thermal insulation material with a total U-value of about 0.7-0.9 W/m2 °C.
In reality high thermal mass and thermal insulation are not required in the constructions of Galapagos Islands due to the mild climate without strong temperature changes.
All of hotel windows are open-able single pane with sliding aluminium frames and are equipped with internal heavy fabric curtains to shade the solar radiation. The windows of South East facades are also protected by iron gratings (see Fig. 4).
Generally the U-value of this typology of windows is about 5 W/m2°C including frame. Typical U-value of double pane windows with aluminium frame is 3 W/m2 °C.

HVAC systems

In Galapagos the climate is much humid with a relative humidity ranging in between 75-80% all over in the year. It needs ventilation inside the interior spaces for removing moisture causing an additional cooling load. All of the hotel rooms are equipped with air conditioning units and ceiling fans for cooling and ventilation purposes. The mild climate of Galapagos island does not require heating systems. The air conditioning are old Panasonic systems (enbloc units not split models) as shown in fig. 6. These systems have a low efficiency, probably with a C.O.P. (Coefficient of Performance) value not greater than 2.2. Fig. 7 shows the ventilation fan mounted in the false suspended ceiling of each hotel rooms. It is possible to vary the consumption of the fan by a velocity regulator located in the room. Generally the electric power of these devices is 50 -70 W.
Instantaneous electrical showers are used for producing sanitary hot water in the rooms (see Fig.8).
The electric power of each instantaneous shower is 4 kW each.
Consumption Technical data of HVAC systems are reported in Table 2.

Total cooling power (thermal), kWt 56 (16 enbloc units)

Total cooling power (electric) kWe 24 (16 enbloc units )

Electrical power of showers, kW 60 (15 units)

Electrical power of fans kW 0.75 (15 units)

Table 2

Lighting systems

The artificial light in the rooms is provided by three kind of system: common fluorescent luminaries installed on the false suspended ceiling (see Fig.6), desktop incandescent luminaries near the beds (see Fig.7) and on the desk and common fluorescent luminaries in the bathrooms.
The most part of external lighting systems are tube fluorescent lamps. A complete list of lighting typologies used in the hotel, their number, electric power and locations are reported in table 3.

Lobby and stair Rooms External space

Type/N°/Power Type/N°/Power Type/N°/Power

3/23/20 1/30/60 1/2/60 corr.
3/15/20 3/3/20 corr.
3/4/20 atrium

Total Power ( W )
460 2100 260

Daily use ( h/day )
8 4 12

1: standard incandescent,
2: efficient incandescent,
3: tube fluorescent,
4: compact fluorescent,
5: discharge,
6:other

Table 3

Computers and UPS systems

The administration office of the hotel is equipped with 4 computers, 1 printer and 1 fax system. We have estimated a total electric power of 1200 W.

Electric energy consumption

ELECGALAPAGOS S.A. (EEGP) provided us the electric consumption and related bill referred to the period from January 2002 to July 2003 as reported in table 4.
The hotel is in operation during all the year. Table 5
shows that with the exception of March and April 2003 the hotel electric consumption ranges in between 600 - 900 kWh per month with an average value of 869 or 815 kWh without the contribution of March / April 2003 peaks. Probably these peaks were due to particularly high temperatures up to 30 °C caused by the El Nino weather phenomenon.
As a rule the temperatures of Galapagos islands are quite steady over the year by swinging around 24 °C with a maximum of 27 - 28 °C in March -April and a minimum of 20 - 21 °C in September - October.
During the audit we tried to collect more information as possible about the typologies and number of electric appliances used in the hotels, their power supply and daily or weekly operation hours. All the information collected during the audit have been reported in tables 2, 3, 4 and 5.
Table 6 summarises the results of the data analysis. The analysis has been done by means of the information reported in tables 2, 3, 4, and 5 and by the following assumptions and considerations done to make up for the lack of technical information :
1) A hotel occupancy of 50% has been considered, this means that day by day over all the year the occupied rooms are (0.5 * 15). During the audit we asked the owner for the air conditioning units consumption but he did not know it. The air conditionings look quite old, they are Panasonic enbloc units with low efficiency. The estimated consumption is 12000 Btu/h
2) In Galapagos islands the warmer months occurred from December to April, so that we have considered 5 months of operation for air conditioning units and mechanical ventilation fans.
Moreover we have considered that in the hotel rooms:
ventilation fans work for 2 hours per day over 5 warmer months, and
air conditioning units work for 1 hour per day over 5 warmer months
3) Moreover we have considered for the computers and printers used in the administration office a daily use of 4 hours for 20 days per month during all the year.
4) The daily use of electric instantaneous showers has been estimated in 5 minutes per day all over the year, corresponding to approximately 50 litres of hot water per day.

The following comments and consideration arise from the results reported in table 6:

1) The estimated monthly and yearly consumption are in acceptable agreement with ELECGALAPAGOS S.A. data : the percent difference in the monthly estimation is + 4.5 % , the difference in the yearly estimation is - 14%. In both cases the estimated quantities have the same order of magnitude of the EEGP measured consumption.
2) Lighting systems account for about the 50% of the hotel consumption. The replacement of the low efficiency incandescent lamps near beds and on the desks of the rooms with high efficiency fluorescent compact lamps would permit to reduce more than 50% the lighting consumption by increasing consequently the luminous efficiency from 12 % to 60% ( from 730 lm to 1200 lm)
3) Another significant saving energy could be achieved by replacing the old enbloc air conditioning units which account for about 25 % of the yearly total consumption with new and more efficient split units (two blocs machines ) (about + 30% in C.O.P.) .
4) The instantaneous electrical showers used in Galapagos islands besides being quite energy consuming (11 % of Mar Azul yearly consumption) are furthermore quite dangerous for the user safety. It would be suitable for Hotels hot water requirements the use of Solar Hot Water Systems (1700-2000 kWh/m2 y of solar irradiation)

Mar Azul Electric energy consumption

Consumption from Jan 2002 to Dec 2002 :(kWh)9314
Fee typology : commercial
Annual Bill: 2817.28 USD
Average monthly consumption calculated over 19 months
(kWh /month): 869
Table 4

Year Month Amount Elect. Cons.
USD kWh
2002 1 217.31 693
2002 2 241.32 897
2002 3 240.26 844
2002 4 229.7 713
2002 5 249.58 893
2002 6 238.86 796
2002 7 220.3 628
2002 8 223.28 655
2002 9 230.03 716
2002 10 235.44 765
2002 11 236.22 772
2002 12 254.99 942
2003 1 254.69 939
2003 2 248.21 880
2003 3 319.93 1529
2003 4 275.99 1131
2003 5 252.16 915
2003 6 254.08 932
2003 7 249.36 873
4671.71 16513 Total
869 Average

Table 5

Appliances Power Monthly Yearly Specif/Total
W kWh kWh %
Lamps 2820 330 3960 49.2
Fans 750 23 113 1.4
AirCondit. 25568 384 1920 23.9
Computers 1200 96 1152 14.3
Showers 60000 75 900 11.2
total 908 8045 100

Table 6

Conclusion

On end of August 2003 an energy audit has been performed by ENEL on the hotel Mar Azul in San Cristobal of Galapagos Islands - Equador
The audit has been executed by applying a methodology developed in the frame of the ALTENER U.E. project : XENIOS : Development of an Audit Tool for the sustainable refurbishment of hotels
On the basis of data and information collected during the audit, a preliminary analysis of the structure of energy consumption has been done.
The estimation of the monthly and yearly consumption done by collected data and by our assumption are in acceptable agreement with the consumption data provided by the local Electric Utility. In Mar Azul hotel lighting systems account for about 50 % of the total yearly consumption.
The substitution of the numerous incandescent lamps with compact fluorescent lamps would permit to reduce more than a half the lighting consumption.
It would be also useful the replacement of the old air conditioning units with new split units having a C.O.P. (Coefficient of performance) of about 30% higher than the old ones.
The energy consuming and dangerous instantaneous electric showers for sanitary hot water could be replaced with 25-30 m2 of Solar Thermal Systems. In this case it needs to study the way how to install the Thermal Solar Collectors by considering the structural weakness of the hotel roofs.
The audit confirmed that this hotel can be classified in terms of electric consumption as a medium - high level hotel according to San Cristobal standards.
The possible selection of this building as pilot case studies for monitoring and RES & RUE interventions will be done afterwards, when the analysis of a certain number of interesting buildings will be finalised.